المحتويات / النص
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Section I The Study of Ethics
Chapter 1 Ethics: An Overview
What is Ethics?
Normative and Theoretical Ethics
Metaphysics and the Study of Human Nature
Epistemology and Moral Knowledge
READING: A.J. Ayer, "Emotivism"
Philosophy and the Search for Wisdom
READING: Plato, "Allegory of the Cave"
Chapter 2 Moral Reasoning
The Three Levels of Thinking
Moral Analysis, Praxis, and Paradigm Shifts
Overcoming Resistance
READING: P. Don Premasiri, "The Relevance of the Noble Eightfold Path to Contemporary Society"
The Role of Is and Ought Statements in Ethics
Recognizing and Constructing Moral Arguments
Avoiding Logical Fallacies
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
READING: Mary Midgley, Can't We Make Moral Judgments?
A Final Word
Section II Ethical Relativism
Chapter 3 Ethical Subjectivism: Morality Is Just a Matter of Personal Feeling
What is Ethical Subjectivism?
What Ethical Subjectivism Is Not
READING: Stephen A. Satris, "Student Relativism"
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Roots of Ethical Subjectivism in Romantic Sentimentalism
READING: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile
Mary Wollstonecraft: Critic of Rousseau's Ethical Subjectivism
The Kitty Genovese Syndrome
Critique of Ethical Subjectivism
Chapter 4 Cultural Relativism: Is Morality Dependent on Culture?
What is Cultural Relativism?
Distinguishing Between Cultural and Sociological Relativism
Social Darwinian Ethics: The Concept of Moral Progress
Ruth Benedict: Cultural Relativism as a Protest Against Social Darwinism
READING: Ruth Benedict, "Anthropology and the Abnormal"
Cultural Relativism and the Moral Community
Are Some Cultures More Moral than Others?
READING: Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah
The Holocaust and Disillusionment with Cultural Relativism
Critique of Cultural Relativism
Section III Beyond Ethical Relativism
Chapter 5 Is Morality Grounded in Religion?
Religion and Morality
The Divine Command Theory
Thomas Aquinas: Natural Law Theory
READING: Thomas Aquinas, The Summa Theologica
Religion, Natural Law Theory, and Civil Disobedience
Civil Religion and Cultural Relativism
Religion and the Moral Community
God and the Problem of Evil
Does Morality Need Religion?
Chapter 6 Conscience and Moral Development
Ethics and the Study of Human Development
Conscience: Culturally Relative or Universal?
The Affective and Cognitive Sides of the Conscience
Lawrence Kohlberg: The Stage Theory of Moral Development
READING: Lawrence Kohlberg, The Philosophy of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan: The Care Perspective
READING: Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice
James Rest: The Four Components of Moral Behavior
Moral Maturity: Moving Beyond Ethical Relativism
Section IV Morality as Universal
Chapter 7 Ethical Egoism: Morality Is Acting in Our Best Self-Interest
What is Ethical Egoism?
READING: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
Psychological Egoism
Ayn Rand: Objectivist Ethics and Rational Egoism
READING: Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead
Ethical Egoism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism
Ethical Egoism and the Moral Community
Self-Interest and Happiness
Critique of Ethical Egoism
Chapter 8 Utilitarianism: The Greatest Happiness Principle
Utilitarianism and the Principle of Utility
Mo Tzu: Utilitarianism as Universal Love
Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarianism and Social Reform
READING: Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
John Stuart Mill: Reformulation of Utilitarianism
READING: John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism and the Moral Community
Euthanasia and the Principle of Utility: Is Death Always Harm?
Critique of Utilitarianism
Chapter 9 Deontology: The Ethics of Duty
Deontology and Duty
Confucius: Duty and the Community
READING: Arthur Waley, trans., The Analects of Confucius
Immanuel Kant: The Categorical Imperative
READING: Immanuel Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics
The Good Will and Proper Self-Esteem
Sissela Bok: Is the Duty Not to Lie Absolute?
W.D. Ross: Prima Facie Deontology
The Duty of Justice
Critique of Deontology
Chapter 10 Rights Ethics: The Other Side of Deontology
The Emergence of Rights Ethics in Modern Society
READING: United Nations, "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
Natural Rights Ethics
READING: John Locke, Two Treatises of Civil Government
The Marxist Critique of Natural Rights Ethics
Rights and Duties
Buddhism and Rights Ethics
Liberty (Negative) Rights and Welfare (Positive) Rights
Rights and the Moral Community
Critique of Rights Ethics
Chapter 11 Virtue Ethics and the Good Life
Virtue Ethics and Character
Aristotle: Reason and Virtue
READING: Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
Confucius and Aristotle: The Doctrine of the Mean
Nel Noddings and David Hume: Sentiment and Virtue
Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education
Is Virtue Relative to Culture, Social Status, and Gender?
The Unity of Virtue
Virtue and Moral Education
Critique of Virtue Ethics
Afterward
Glossary
Notes
Photo and Illustration Credits
Index
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