BF698.F84

Includes bibliographical references and indexes

1 The Study of the Person The Goal of Personality Psychology Mission: Impossible Competitors or Complements? Distinct Approaches versus the One Big Theory On Advantages as Disadvantages, and Vice Versa The Plan of This Book Pigeonholing versus Appreciation of Individual Differences Summary PART I RESEARCH METHODS 2 Clues to Personality: The Basic Sources of Data Data Are Clues Four Kinds of Clues Ask the Person Directly: S Data Ask Somebody Who Knows: I Data Life Outcomes: L Data Watch What the Person Does: B Data Mixed Types Conclusion Summary 3 Personality Psychology as Science: Research Methods Psychology's Emphasis on Method Scientific Education and Technical Training Quality of Data Reliability Validity Generalizability Research Design Case Method An Experimental and a Correlational Study Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods Representative Design Effect Sizes Problems with Significance Testing Correlations Ethics 81 The Uses of Psychological Research Truthfulness Deception Summary Suggested Readings: Research Methods PART : HOW PEOPLE DIFFER: THE TRAIT APPROACH 4 Personality Traits and Behavior The Measurement of Individual Differences People Are Inconsistent The Person-Situation Debate Predictability Situationism Are Person Perceptions Erroneous? Conclusion Persons and Situations Individual Differences Summary 5 Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing and Its Consequences The Nature of Personality Assessment The Business of Testing Personality Tests S-Data versus B-Data Personality Tests Projective Tests Objective Tests Methods of Objective Test Construction Purposes of Personality Testing Summary 6 Personality Assessment II: Personality Judgment in Daily Life Consequences of Everyday Judgments of Personality Everybody Who Knows You Self-Judgments The Accuracy of Personality Judgment Criteria for Accuracy Moderators of Accuracy The Realistic Accuracy Model Self-Knowledge Conclusion Summary 7 Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior The Many-Trait Approach The California Q-Set Delay of Gratification Other Behaviors The Single-Trait Approach Authoritarianism Conscientiousness Self-Monitoring The Essential-Trait Approach Reducing the Many to a Few The Big Five Typological Approaches to Personality Where Do Traits Come From? The Question of Development Conclusion Summary Suggested Readings: The Trait Approach PART TTI THE MIND AND THE BODY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY 8 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality The Brain and Personality Research Methods for Studying the Brain The Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) The Amygdala The Frontal Lobes and Neocortex The Lessons of Psychosurgery Biochemistry and Personality The Chemistry of the Mind Neurotransmitters Hormones Biology, Cause, and Effect Summary 9 The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Theory Behavioral Genetics Controversy Calculating Heritabilities What Heritabilities Tell You Does the Family Matter? Nature versus Nurture How Genes Affect Personality Gene-Environment Interactions The Future of Behavioral Genetics Evolutionary Theory Sex Differences in Mating Behavior Individual Differences Objections and Responses The Contribution of Evolutionary Theory Will Biology Replace Psychology? Putting It All Together: Sexual Orientation Conclusion Summary Suggested Readings: Biological Approaches PART IV THE HIDDEN WORLD OF THE MIND: THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH 10 Basics of Psychoanalysis Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis Psychic Determinism Internal Structure Psychic Conflict (and Compromise) Mental Energy Controversy Freud Himself Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death Psychological Development: "Follow the Money" Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Genital Stage Moving through Stages Thinking and Consciousness Psychoanalytic Therapy Summary 11 The Workings of the Unconscious Mind: Defenses and Slips Anxiety Anxiety from Psychic Conflict Realistic Anxiety Defense Mechanisms Denial Repression Reaction Formation Projection Rationalization Intellectualization Displacement Sublimation The Expression of Impulse through Parapraxes and Humor Parapraxes Humor Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique Lack of Parsimony Case Study Method Poor Definitions Untestability Sexism Why Study Freud? Summary 12 Psychoanalysis after Freud: The Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Empirical Evidence Interpreting Freud Latter-Day Issues and Theorists Inferiority and Compensation: Adler The Collective Unconscious, Persona, and Personality: Jung Feminine Psychology and Basic Anxiety: Homey Psychosocial Development: Erikson Object Relations Theory: Klein and Winnicott Where Have All the Neo-Freudian Theorists Gone? Modern Psychoanalytic Research Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses Attachment and Romantic Love Psychoanalysis in Perspective Summary Suggested Readings: Psychoanalysis PART V EXPERIENCE AND AWARENESS: HUMANISTIC AND CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 13 Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic Psychology Phenomenology: Awareness Is Everything The Chemistry of Experience Existentialism Three Parts of Experience "Thrown-ness" and Angst Bad Faith Authentic Existence Optimistic Humanism: Rogers and Maslow Self-Actualization: Rogers The Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow The Fully Functioning Person Psychotherapy Personal Constructs: Kelly Construals and Reality Flow: Csikszentmihalyi Hardiness: Maddi Positive Psychology Conclusion The Mystery of Experience Understanding Others Summary 14 Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality Culture and Psychology Cross-Cultural Universals versus Specificity What Is Culture? The Importance of Cross-Cultural Differences Possible Limits on Generalizability Cross-Cultural Conflict Varieties of Human Experience Cultural Comparison Deconstructionism The Semiotic Subject On Categorization Characteristics of Cultures Complexity Tightness Collectivism and Individualism Cultural Assessment and Personality Assessment Personality Traits Thinking The Self Values The Question of Origin The Deconstructionist Dodge The Ecological Approach Issues and Challenges of Cross-Cultural Research Ethnocentrism Outgroup Homogeneity Bias Cultures and Values Subcultures and Multiculturalism Challenges for the Future The Universal Human Condition Summary 435 Suggested Readings: Experience and Awareness PART VI THE PERSON AND THE SITUATION: LEARNING AND COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY 15 How the World Creates Who You Are: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory Behaviorism Philosophical Roots of Behaviorism Three Kinds of Learning Habituation Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Punishment Social Learning Theory Dollard and Miller's Social Learning Theory Rotter's Social Learning Theory Bandura's Social Learning Theory Contributions and Limitations of the Learning Approaches Summary 16 The Cognitive System and the Personality System Roots of the Cognitive Approach Two Views of the Cognitive System The Serial System The Sensory-Perceptual Buffer Short-Term Memory Working Memory From Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Limitations of the Serial Model The Parallel System The Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) Interactions among Systems Cognitive Person Variables If and Then Conclusion Summary 17 Cognitive Processes and Personality Perceptual Processes Priming and Chronic Accessibility Rejection Sensitivity Aggression Self Processes Assessing the Self Schema Conscious and Nonconscious Self-Consciousness Self-Efficacy and Self-Discrepancy Self-Change How Many Selves? Motivational and Strategic Processes Goals Strategies Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST) The Cognitive Approach and Its Intersections Summary Suggested Readings: The Person and the Situation: Learning and Cognitive Approaches to Personality 18 Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead The Different Approaches Which One Is Right? The Order of Approaches No Single Approach Accounts for Everything Choosing a Basic Approach Maintaining an Awareness of Alternative Approaches The Future of Personality Psychology Trait Approach Biological Approach Psychoanalysis Humanistic Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology The Cognitive Approach and the OBT What Have We Learned? Cross-Situational Consistency and Aggregation The Biological Roots of Personality The Unconscious Mind Free Will and Responsibility Behavior Change Construals The Quest for Understanding Summary