NK4680.S88

I. The Southern region: Judean Shephelah I. LR1–5 the Beit Nattif workshop and lamps made after their fashion II (I).LR2a: 3rd-4th century CE pear-shaped lamps made in the Yavne (Yibneh) region (VII) I LR5c; Lamps found at Bet She’an made after Beit Nattif (II). ILR5a lamps made after type I. LR5 (from Yavne) I. LR6a-c: Lamps of types I. LR4 and I. LR5 with different types of handles, late third and fifth centuries CE I. LR6a. Loop handles added to lamps of Type I. LR 4 and I. LR5 I. LR6b: Single nozzle lamps with loop handle supporting a pipe, #1390 the Sabbath lamp. I. LR6c: Lamp type I. LR5 with a loop handle supporting a plaque I. LR6.1 and I. LR6.2: Lamps of Beit Nattif type I. LR4 and I. LR5, with wing-shaped handles, third and fourth centuries CE I. LR6.1. A combined pyramid- and wing-shaped handle. Lamps of I. LR5 type 0 I. LR7: Lamps with more than a single wick-hole, suggested date: end of the third to the sixth centuries CE I. LR7.1 Lamps with a pair of wick-holes and a pair of nozzles; third-fifth centuries CE I. LR7.2 Lamps with a triple projecting nozzles; third-fourth century CE I. LR7.3 Lamps with multiple wick-holes pierced in a straight line; 4th and 5th centuries CE L LR6.2: Lamps of type I. LR5 with different wing-shaped handles probably of the fifth-sixth century CE I. LR8: Various lamps related to the Beit Nattif workshop, late third-fifth centuries CE I. LR8a: Lamps with flat shoulders decorated with narrow bands I. LR8b: With flat surface (shoulders) the width of the lamp I. LR9: Pear-shaped lamps from the Bet Govrin district, the Judean region I. B10: ‘Gezer’ lamps , fifth-sixth centuries CE II: The Yavne region: (I. LR2a, LR5a included above) and II. LR 11, II. LR11a II. LR11a. A variant from Khirbet el Ni’ana II. LR11b: Multiple wick-holes II. LR11.1: Lamp with rounded – box shaped body and short wide arched nozzles, the coastal region II. LR11.2; Lamps with narrow nozzles III. Jerusalem workshops, types III. LR12-III.B15 (Map 4) III. LR12: ‘Judean’ Pear-Shaped Oil Lamps, third–fourth centuries CE III. B13 and III. B14: ‘Candlestick’ lamps from after the second half of the fourth (?) to the seventh centuries CE III. B13: Small lamps (up to 8.0 cm Long) fourth- fifth (?) centuries CE III. B13.3: Lamps with nozzles bearing crosses III. B13.3.1: Lamps with a cross on the nozzle and loop handle, exceeding 8.0 cm, with single nozzles . III. B13.4: Other patterns III. B13.5 Lamps with loop handles and a multiple wick-hole lamp, #1621 and Figure 68.2 and 3 III. B14: the large lamps (over 8.9cm), after mid-fourth to seventh centuries CE III. B14.1: Large lamps decorated with a ‘candlestick’ on the nozzle, radial strokes on shoulders III. B14.2: Lamps with oblique strokes forming a short wide palm branch on the nozzle III. B14.2:1–4: Lamps with different decorations along the shoulders III. B14.2.1-4.: Lamps with a wide ‘branch’ on nozzle and various patterns decorating the shoulders III. B14.2.2: Lamps with globules flanking the wide and short ‘branch’ III. B14.2.3: lamps with a channel along the nozzle separating the branch into two; probably Late Byzantine; sixth and particularly seventh centuries CE III. B14.2.4 Lamps with a wide palm on nozzle bearing inscriptions in Greek script along the shoulders III. B14.2.4a: Lamps decorated with a wide ‘branch’ along the nozzle; inscribed with ‘The light of the Christ shines for all fine’ III. B14.2.4b: Short inscriptions ‘Beautiful (good) lamp III. B14.2.4c: Theotokos; ‘Mother of God’ – lamps #1885 Jerusalem, American school, #1912 Ramat Rahel (Type II. B16.3) resembling an inscription written on a circular lamp from Syria. ii III. B14.2.4d: Other inscriptions, abecedary III. B14.2, 4e: Inscription in Syrian script III.14.3: Cross on nozzle and radial strokes on shoulders III. B14.3.1: Crosses on the nozzle, inscriptions on the shoulders (Late Byzantine–Early Arab periods) III. B14.4. Large lamps with loop handle supporting different projections at the rear III. B14.5a: A face-like pattern III. B14.5b: a circle at the top of the axis III. B15: Broad oil lamps covered with strokes, fifth–sixth centuries CE III. B15.1: Broad nozzle cut across the width at a distance from the wick-hole – ‘Ein Yabrud’ type IV. Negev, Southern region, wheel-made oil lamps IV. BW16: Tire-shaped, low, boot or shoe-shaped lamp, sixth–seventh centuries CE IV. BW17: Tall, boot-shaped lamp, (beehive), sixth–seventh centuries CE V. The Samaria Region (V. LR 18 - V. B27) V. LR18: Former ‘Yavne North’ lamps of the Samaria region, (late) third and fourth centuries CE (transition to V. LR20) V. LR19. Pear-shaped lamps (late third–fourth centuries CE) V. LR19a Pear-shaped lamps with a handle V. LR19b: Pear-shaped lamps with incised/stamped decorations, fourth century CE V. LR19c. Polycandelum with incised decoration V. LR20-V. LR21: Samaritan lamps, end of the third/fourth–sixth centuries CE V. LR20: Rounded receptacle and arched nozzle and star-shaped (four arms) handle (Late third/fourth–sixth centuries CE V. LR20A, V. LR20B and V. LR 20C: lamps with differently shaped handles and lamps with multiple wick-hole V. LR20A. Lamps with a star mounted on a wing shaped handle V. LR20B with other types of handles V. LR20C. Multiple wick-holes #2170 V. LR21- V. LR24 lamps with a channel end of the third/fourth and fifth centuries CE V. LR21 lamps with a channel and star-shaped handle like V. LR20 V. LR21A. Lamps with a channel and wing-shaped handles V. B22 and V. B22A: Samaria-region lamps with channel along the nozzle, from western Samaria, trapezoidal crosssection; fifth–sixth centuries CE V. B22 decorated with course patterns V. B22A, heel (horseshoe shaped) shaped base V. B23: Lamps with channel, lentoid in cross-section (convex tops), sixth century CE V.B24 and V.B24a: Wide, oval/egg-shaped oil lamps from Samaria (Shomron) and environs, last part of the Byzantine period V. B25 and 26: Almond-shaped lamps with trapezoid section, and covered by linear pattern, sixth–seventh centuries CE V. B26: Lamps without the division into front and back of the shoulders V. B27: Trapezoidal lamps, with a channel and a bar above the filling-hole (sixth–eighth centuries CE) V. B28: Lamps with heel/high vault; hoof-shaped (horseshoe-shaped) filling-hole, seventh-eighth centuries CE; V 29; almond-shaped oil lamps in the Byzantine tradition, Early Islamic period V. 29. Almond-shaped oil lamps in the Byzantine tradition, Early Islamic period V. B30 Multiple wick-holes VI. The Phoenician coast including the Northern part of the country (VI. I B31- VI.III B 45) VI.I. B31 and VI.I 31.1: local ‘Caesarea’ oil lamps; VI. I B31 with a plain nozzle and VI. IB31.1 with a channel along the nozzle. Fourth-fifth (sixth?) centuries CE VI. I. B32: Phoenician ‘Caesarea’ disc lamps (including moulds), second half of the fourth–fifth centuries CE VI. I B32a: Moulds for a chandelier-multiple wick-holes in a circle VI. I. B32c: Lamp with discus that opens into a ‘channel’ along the nozzle VI. I B32d: Pear-shaped disk lamps of the Northern version VI. I. B32e. Northern lamps with stamped bases, Northern workshop VI.I B33: Phoenician, Northern version of ‘Caesarea’ lamps with a filling-hole (second half of fourth century–sixth century CE (beginning of seventh?) VI. I. B33.1. Lamps with multiple wick-holes fifth (?)– sixth centuries CE iii VI.II: I.II LR34-VI.II. LR39 Phoenicia and the North, Northern Stamped Lamps (NSL), late third–sixth (seventh) centuries CE VI.II. LR34 1 and 2: Transitional lamps, Phoenician workshops, third-fourth centuries VI.II. LR35: Lamps still recalling the geometrical division of the nozzle . VI.II. LR/B35.1. Lamps decorated with a ladder pattern along the nozzle (Sussman 1978 Type 5B) VI.II. LR/B35.2: Multiple wick-hole, triangular shape VI.II LR/B35.3: Lamps with a bulb-shaped discus, and a further change in the decorated nozzle VI.II. B35.4: Pear/almond-shaped oil lamps VI.II. B35:1-4: Lamps of the above made in worn moulds VI.II. B36: Pear-/almond-shaped lamps with a channel along the nozzle, fourth–fifth centuries CE VI.II LR/B36.1: Lamps with a channel along the nozzle and a ladder still marking the waist or beyond , fourth–fifth centuries CE VI.II. B36.1 and the following VI.II. B36.2; worn almond-shaped with a narrow channel not connected to the discus VI.II B36.2: Discus and channel match the shape of the lamps (fifth–sixth centuries CE VI.II. B36.3. Lamps with disci of various shapes, continuing to the wick-hole VI.II B36.4: Almond-shaped lamps with a broad, deep channel along the nozzle, fifth–sixth centuries CE VI.II. B36.5. Palm branch incised along the channel VI.II LR35–VI.II B36: Division according to the decoration on the base of the lamps, fourth–sixth centuries CE VI.II. B37: Bases and discus are identically shaped, decorated with concentric rings, fifth and sixth centuries CE VI.II. B37.1: Same shape, with deeply stamped patterns that form a relief VI.II. B38: Pear-shaped lamps with bases and disci decorated alike, and others with same bases but different tops VI.II. B38.1: Stamped and moulded bases, upper part in relief, fourth and fifth–sixth centuries CE VI. III: Lamps decorated in relief VI. III. B39 – VI. III. B44: Phoenician lamps of Northern workshops decorated in relief, of the fifth/sixth and seventh century CE VI. III. B39. Lamps with upper part and bases decorated in relief after the stamped tradition (fifth into sixth century CE) VI. III B40. Discus/channel in the shape of the oil lamp ? VI. III B40.1: lamps with a central oval ‘discus’ extending into a narrow channel/funnel along the nozzle of the lamp; sixth century CE V. III. B41. Almond/pear-shaped lamps without a channel, sixth and seventh centuries CE VI. III. B41.1 Oval lamps without and with a channel VI. III. B42-VI.III.B44: Lamps with a channel as part of the discus connected differently VI. III. B42: Oil lamps with a discus as part of a ‘climbing’ channel along the nozzle to include the wick-hole VI. III. B42.1: decoration encircling the filling-hole VI.III.B43: Lamps with round discus separated from the channel, sixth–seventh centuries CE VI. III B44: high vault shaped discus (hoof/ horse shoe shaped); sixth–seventh into eighth centuries CE VII. The Bet She’an boundary, eastern part of the Decapolis (VII. LR45–VII. B54) VII.LR.45; Lamps made under Beit Nattif influence from Hurvat Utsa, fourth/fifth century CE VII. B46: a-c Original Bet She’an workshop, oil lamps still made after Beit Nattif from the fourth and fifth centuries VII. B46a. Lamps with pyramid-shaped handle 6 B46b (Figure 202:2 and 3) A thick triangular-faced handle placed on the shoulders (#3060- #3064). VII. I. B46c Lamps with curved, wing-shaped handles that do not greatly change the shape of the lamp VII.I. B47 and VII. B47.2 Lamps of the Bet She’an workshop still connected to the Beit Nattif, probably from the fifth–sixth centuries CE VII.I. B47.1 with almost a straight-cut top type; based on typology they were included in various studies as variants of the Beit Nattif type I. LR5. VII. B47.2 with curved/arched top VII. LR48: Lamps sharing workshop with the Decapolic: ‘Jebel Jofeh’ and VII. B49 , bilanceolate shape, third–fourth centuries CE VII. LR48. Lamps named after ‘Jebel Jofeh’ (in Jordan) VII. B48.1 Variants VII. B49: Bilanceolate/boat-shaped lamps, with stamped decoration, probably fourth–fifth centuries CE VII. B49.1 Lamps from Ha-Goshrim VII. B50 Lamps of rounded and pear/almond shape, decorated in relief, probably fifth century CE VII. B50 Large bilanceolate oil lamp #3150 from Tel Balata (near Shekhem) and from Bet She’an iv VII. B50.1 Round to pear-shaped with projecting nozzle VII. B52.2 Pear/oval and almond-shaped oil lamps VII. B50.3 lamps with a discus VII. B50.4. Lamps with multiple wick-holes (six wick-holes) VII. B51; VII. B51a-c and B51.1: lamps with different shaped handles fifth-sixth centuries CE VII. B51a. Lamp #3181 from Bet She’an, is circular with a wide, almost rectangular nozzle VII. 51b. The nozzle it is swollen and has an arched top VII. B51c. Lamps with a blister-shaped handle VII. B51.1: Pear-shaped lamps (with a globule as handle?) VII. B52. Lamps with Samaritan inscriptions. Sixth-seventh centuries CE VII.B52.1. Differently decorated nozzle VII. B53.1-VII. B53.3. Pear/almond-shaped lamps, with a ‘channel’ from Bet She’an area VII. B53.1 from En Ha-Naziv VII. B53.2: Shoulders divided into front and back . VII. B53.3 Almond shaped lamps with blister shaped handles seventh centuries CE VII. B54: Lamps with a wide filling-hole, trapezoid cross-section, sixth and seventh centuries CE. Seventh-eighth centuries CE VIII: Imported Oil Lamps VIII.1. Lamps made in the Decapolis; pear- to oval shaped, sixth seventh centuries CE VIII.2: Imported (?), almond-shaped lamps, probably from Egypt or Cyprus, fifth and seventh centuries CE VIII. 3. Lamps probably from Cyprus, 5th and 6th (?) centuries CE VIII. 4: Various lamps from Asia Minor (Sussman 2008; B18 fifth–sixth centuries CE VIII. 5 – VIII. 7. North African workshops, fourth–sixth centuries CE VIII. 5: Lamps manufactured in Tripoli; end of the fourth–fifth centuries CE VIII. 6: Tunisian oil lamps – end of the third to the fifth centuries CE (African Red Slip Ware, Hayes Type IB) VIII.7 North African lamps from Carthage, fifth–sixth centuries CE, Hayes type I

This volume illustrates lamps from the Byzantine period excavated in the Holy Land and demonstrates the extent of their development since the first enclosing/capturing of light (fire) within a portable man-made vessel. Lamps, which held important material and religious functions during daily life and the afterlife, played a large role in conveying art and cultural and political messages through the patterns chosen to decorate them. These cultural, or even more their religious affinities, were chosen to be delivered on lamps (not on other vessels) more than ever during the Byzantine period; these small portable objects were used to 'promote' beliefs like the 'press' of today. Each cultural group marked the artifacts / lamps with its symbols, proverbs from the Old and New Testaments, and this process throws light on the deep rivalry between them in this corner of the ancient world. The great variety of lamps dealt with in this volume, arranged according to their various regions of origin, emphasizes their diversity, and probably local workshop manufacture, and stands in contrast to such a small country without any physical geographic barriers to cross, only mental ones (and where one basket of lamps could satisfy the full needs of the local population). The lamps of the Byzantine period reflect the era and the struggle in the cradle of the formation of the four leading faiths and cultures: Judaism (the oldest), Samaritanism (derived from the Jewish faith), newly-born Christianity - all three successors to the existing former pagan culture - and the last, Islam, standing on a new threshold. Unlike during the former Greek and Roman periods of rule, the land of Israel during the Byzantine period did not really have a central government or authority. The variety of the oil lamps, their order and place of appearance during the Byzantine period can be described as a 'symphony played by a self-conducted orchestra, where new soloists rise and add a different motet, creating stormy music that expresses the rhythm of the era'. This volume, like the author's earlier books on this subject, is intended to create a basis for further study and evaluation of the endless aspects that lamps bring to light and which are beyond the capacity of any single scholar.