NK1710.P55

- Includes illustrations in colour - Includes bibliographical references and index - Includes a glossary of terms

Acknowledgments 9 1 Prehistory to Early Civilizations 10 Prehistoric Interiors 10 Archeological Evidence 10 The First Shelters 10 Dolmens and Barrows 12 Evidence from Tribal Cultures 13 Pattern and Design 15 The First Permanent Settlements 16 Mesopotamia: Sumeria 16 Ancient Egypt 17 Geometry and Proportion 17 Egyptian Temples and Houses 18 Egyptian Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 19 Pre-Columbian America ????? 2 Classical Civilizations: Greece and Rome 20 Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures 20 Knossos 20 Mycenae and Tiryns 20 Greece 22 The Temple 22 Secular Interiors 24 INSIGHTS: THE GROWTH OF ATHENS 25 Rome 27 Arches, Vaults, and Domes 27 Amphitheaters and Baths 28 Temples 30 Secular Buildings 31 INSIGHTS: THE COST OF LIVING IN ANCIENT ROME 32 Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 34 The Legacy of Rome: Technology 34 3 Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque 36 Early Christian Design 36 Byzantine Design 38 INSIGHTS: THE RAVENNA MOSAICS 39 Ravenna 39 Constantinople ?? Hagia Sophia 40 Secular Buildings 41 Early Medieval: The "Dark Ages" 41 The Romanesque Style 41 Churches 42 Germany 42 Italy 43 France 44 England 45 Scandinavia 46 Fortresses and Castles 46 Monasteries and Abbeys 48 INSIGHTS: THE ABBEY AT CLUNY 48 Houses 49 Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 50 Islamic Influence in Spain 52 The Mosque in Spain 52 Moorish Elements in Spanish Romanesque 53 4 Islamic and Asian Traditions ??? Islamic Influence ??? Mosques and Palaces ??? Islamic Influence in Spain ??? The Mosque in Spain Islamic Furnishings ??? India and Pakistan ??? Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Architecture ??? Hindu Religious and Secular Buildings Jain Architecture Northern and Southern Styles of Temple Islamic Influence in India INSIGHTS: BERNIER'S ACCOUNT OF THE TAJ MAHAL Indian Furnishings ??? Western Influence ??? Cambodia ??? Java ??? Thailand ??? China ??? Chinese Architecture ??? Chinese Furnishings ??? Korea ??? Japan ??? Japanese Furnishings ??? 5 The Later Middle Ages 54 Elements of Gothic Style 54 New Construction Techniques 56 Gothic Cathedrals and Churches 59 France 59 England 62 Elsewhere in Europe 63 Secular Gothic Buildings 64 INSIGHTS: CONSTRUCTION WORK IN A MEDIEVAL BUILDING 65 Castles and Palaces 66 Medieval Houses 68 Innovations in Domestic Comfort 70 6 The Renaissance in Italy 72 The Rise of Humanism 72 Renaissance Interest in History 72 Elements of Renaissance Style 74 The Early Renaissance 75 Brunelleschi 75 Michelozzo 78 Alberti 79 The High Renaissance 79 Bramante 79 Palaces 82 INSIGHTS: VASARI'S ACCOUNT OF THE FARNESE PALACE 82 The Late Renaissance and Mannerism 84 Michelangelo 85 Romano 86 Palladio 87 Vignola 89 Interior Furnishings 89 Furniture 90 Coverings 91 7 Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 92 Elements of Baroque Style 92 The Baroque in Italy 92 Rome 94 Bernini 94 Borromini 95 Venice 97 Longhena 97 Turin 97 Guarini 97 Juvarra 99 Baroque in Northern Europe 100 Austria 100 Switzerland 103 Germany 103 Furniture and Other Interior Features 106 8 Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo in France and Spain 108 France 108 Early Renaissance 108 High Renaissance 112 Baroque 116 Versailles 116 INSIGHTS: LOUIS XIV AND VERSAILLES 116 Louvre 117 Baroque Churches 120 Furniture and Furnishings 121 Regency to Rococo 123 Paris H"tels 123 The Petit Trianon 124 Regency and Rococo Furniture 125 Rococo to Neoclassicism 125 The Empire Style 127 INSIGHTS: THE EMPIRE STYLE 128 Provincial Style 130 Spain 131 Plateresco 131 Desornamentado 132 Churrigueresco 132 Furniture and Other Interior Features 132 9 Renaissance to Georgian in The Low Countries and England 136 Low Countries 136 Civic Buildings 136 Private Dwellings 138 England 139 Tudor 140 Elizabethan 140 Elizabethan Furniture 141 Jacobean 142 Jones 142 Jacobean Interior Furnishings 143 From Carolean to William and Mary 143 Wren 143 Carolean and William and Mary Interior Furnishings 145 Queen Anne 146 Queen Anne Furniture 147 Georgian 147 Robert and James Adam 148 INSIGHTS: ROBERT ADAM AND SYON HOUSE 148 Georgian Town Houses 149 Other Building Types 150 Georgian Furniture and Interior Furnishings 150 10 Colonial and Federal America 154 Colonial Styles in Latin America 154 Colonial Styles in North America 156 Early Colonial Houses 156 Early Colonial Furniture and Interior Furnishings 157 Churches and Meeting Houses 158 American Georgian 159 American Georgian Houses 159 American Georgian and Queen Anne Furniture 163 Late Colonial Public Buildings 163 Federal Styles 165 Jefferson 165 Bulfinch 166 Thornton and Latrobe 166 Furniture of the Federal Period 169 Other Furnishings of the Federal Period 170 11 The Regency, Revivals, and Industrial Revolution 172 Regency 172 Nash 172 Soane 174 Regency Furniture 174 Revivals 175 Greek Revival 175 Germany 175 England 176 United States 176 Gothic Revival 178 United States 178 England 180 The Industrial Revolution 183 Early Industrialization and Inventions 184 Industry and Interiors 184 Iron and Glass 185 England: Paxton 186 INSIGHTS: THE PUBLIC'S PERCEPTION OF CRYSTAL PALACE 186 France: Labrouste, Baltard, and Eiffel 188 12 The Victorian Era 190 The Roots of Victorian Style 190 Britain 193 Mansions 193 Middle-class Houses and Public Buildings 193 Shaw and the Queen Anne Revival 194 United States: Victorian Variations 195 Mansions 197 Vernacular House Styles 198 Shingle Style 199 Adirondack Style 200 Shaker Design 200 INSIGHTS: THE SHAKER PHILOSOPHY 201 Early Skyscrapers 202 Public Buildings 205 Furness 205 Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 206 13 The Aesthetic Movements 210 Britain: Arts and Crafts 210 Ruskin and the Roots of Arts and Crafts 210 Morris 210 Webb 213 Other British Designers 214 INSIGHTS: ROSSETTI AND THE AESTHETIC HOUSE 215 Links to Modernism 218 Voysey 218 Mackmurdo 218 Mackintosh 219 United States: The Craftsman Movement 219 Stickley and the Roycrofters 219 Bradley 220 Richardson 221 Greene & Green and Maybeck 223 Developments in Continental Europe 223 Germany: Muthesius 225 The Netherlands: Berlage 225 14 Art Nouveau and the Vienna Secession 226 Roots and Characteristics of Art Nouveau 226 Belgium 229 Horta 229 INSIGHTS: VICTOR HORTA AND ART NOUVEAU 229 Van de Velde 230 France 230 The School of Nancy 230 Guimard 230 Other French Designers 232 Spain 232 Gaud? 232 Germany: Jugendstil 232 Endell 233 Riemerschmid and Behrens 234 Scandinavia 234 Austria: The Vienna Secession 234 Olbrich 234 Wagner 235 INSIGHTS: OTTO WAGNER AND "MODERN ARCHITECTURE" 236 Hoffmann 236 Loos 238 United States 238 Tiffany 238 Sullivan 240 15 Eclecticism 244 The Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris 244 United States 247 Key Architects and Designers 247 Hunt 247 McKim, Mead, & White 249 Public Buildings 252 Early Skyscrapers 252 The Rise of the Interior Decorator 255 De Wolfe 255 Wood 255 McMillen 256 Other American Decorators 256 Eclecticism in Professional Practice 256 Saarinen and Cranbrook Academy 257 Stripped Classicism 259 Eclecticism for the Masses 259 Houses and Apartments 259 Furniture and Accessories 260 Movie Theaters 261 Europe 261 Scandinavia 263 Britain 263 Lutyens 264 INSIGHTS: SIR EDWIN LUTYENS AND THE VICEROY'S HOUSE IN NEW DELHI 264 Ocean Liners 265 The Spread of Eclecticism 265 16 The Emergence of Modernism 266 Frank Lloyd Wright 266 The Early Commissions 268 INSIGHTS: THE PHILOSOPHY OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT 269 De Stijl 270 Mondrian and van Doesburg 270 Rietveld 271 Pioneers of the International Style 272 Gropius and the Bauhaus 272 Mies van der Rohe 274 Work of the 1920s and 1930s 274 INSIGHTS: MIES VAN DER ROHE: THE TUGENDHAT HOUSE 274 Emigration to the United States 276 Later Commissions 277 Le Corbusier 278 Paris: Developing the Machine Aesthetic 278 Early Houses, Villas, and Apartments 279 INSIGHTS: THE PHILOSOPHY OF LE CORBUSIER 282 Town Planning 283 Post-War Years 284 Late Commissions 285 Aalto 285 INSIGHTS: THE VISION OF ALVAR AALTO 286 17 Art Deco and Industrial Design 290 Art Deco 290 France 290 Furniture Designers 290 Textile Design 293 Ocean Liners 293 United States 295 Designers from Europe 295 Deco Architecture 295 Britain 296 Scandinavia 296 Industrial Design 297 Loewy and Other Designers 298 Design Training 300 Residential Design 301 Kitchens and Bathrooms 301 Lighting 302 Textiles, Carpets, and Furniture 303 18 The Spread of Early Modernism in Europe 304 The Netherlands 306 Germany and Austria 306 Italy 307 Switzerland 308 France 308 Scandinavia 310 England 311 19 Modernism in America 314 Architects and Designers 314 Gill 314 Wright: 1920s and 1930s 314 Schindler and Neutra 319 Lescaze 320 Goodwin and Stone 321 Gropius and Breuer 321 Mies van der Rohe 322 Johnson 323 Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill 323 Eero Saarinen 324 Interior Decoration: The Reaction to Modernism 324 Furniture and other Interior Furnishings 325 Knoll 325 Herman Miller Furniture Company 326 20 The Ascendency of Modernism 328 Italy 328 INSIGHTS: GIO PONTI: PIRELLI TOWER 330 Scandinavia 331 France 334 Germany 334 The Netherlands 335 Britain 336 United States 337 Urban Office Buildings 341 Office Planning 343 Office Furniture 344 Interior Designers 346 Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 346 Textiles 346 21 Contemporary Design 348 Prophets of Future Design 348 Kahn 348 Pelli 351 High-tech 351 Fuller 351 INSIGHTS: ROGERS AND PIANO AND THE CENTRE POMPIDOU 353 Rogers and Piano 353 Foster 354 Stirling 356 INSIGHTS: JAMES STIRLING 356 Post-modernism 357 Venturi and Scott Brown 357 Graves 359 Johnson 361 Post-modernism in Europe 361 The Revival of Tradition 362 Greenberg 362 Stern 362 Late Modernism 364 Pei 364 Gwathmey and Meier 366 Individual Stylists 367 Starck 367 Putman 368 Deconstructivism 369 Eisenman 370 Gehry 371 Other Trends 373 East-West Crossovers 373 Preservation 375 Green Buildings 376 Glossary 378 Bibliography 384 Picture Credits 388 Index 390

This new edition of the standard historical survey on interior design offers more material than ever before on furniture, textiles and decorative ornaments, and non-Western interiors, as well as updated information on new developments, including work that uses the latest techniques. This Second Edition presents interior design within the context of sociology, politics, economics, geography and other arts (including architecture).